{"id":1247,"date":"2020-10-15T13:01:05","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T10:01:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/ru\/?p=1247"},"modified":"2022-08-12T00:29:15","modified_gmt":"2022-08-11T21:29:15","slug":"grushevaya-medyanicza","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/grushevaya-medyanicza\/","title":{"rendered":"Pear psylla (Psylla pyri)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Psylla pyri<\/em>, commonly known as the Pear psylla or Pear psyllid, is a true bug in the family Psyllidae<\/em> of the Hemiptera<\/em> order. Unlike a huge number of other insects pests that came from America, the Pear psylla originates from Europe and Asia. At the moment, this species is the worst enemy of gardeners in Western Europe and is widespread everywhere from Lisbon to Minsk. The European origin causes higher activity at low temperatures than in insects that emigrated from the West, but the warm season is still preferable for the copperhead.<\/p>\n\n\n

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Description<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Pear psylla is a small insect 2.5\u20133 mm long. Depending on the season, it has a different body colour. In winter \u2014 dark brown, in summer \u2013 yellow-orange. There are pronounced transverse dark stripes on the body. There are 2 pairs of wings on the back, the hind limbs are adapted to jumping. Thanks to this structure, the Pear psylla is capable of active movement through the plant, as well as migration from one tree to another by flying or jumping, depending on the distance to be overcome. Psylla pyri <\/em>is phytophagous, it prefers young pear trees. It is harmful in the larval and imago stages. It feeds on the cellular juice of the plant, while almost indiscriminately affects the buds of trees and flowers, leaves and fruits. The specifics of the nutrition of the pear honeydew disrupts the normal processes of the plant’s vital activity, which leads to a deterioration in the ability to photosynthesis and, as a result, the death of tissues (leaves, flowers, buds, fruits). The insect secretes a sticky liquid similar to molasses, called honeydew, thus getting rid of excess sugar obtained from the plant. This fall creates optimal conditions for the development of a sooty fungus, and also attracts ants that eat it. There is a theory that ants help Pear psylla, as well as aphids, survive overwintering. Thus preserving the power supply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Life cycle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Let’s consider the life cycle of the Pear psylla, starting with wintering. The wintering begins at the end of autumn \u2014 October, November. Depending on the weather conditions. Individuals overwinter in the cracks of trees and under the bark. They are capable of wintering at the imago stage. Diapause ends in early spring. The insect needs energy and at 2-3C the Pear psyllas are already beginning to actively feed, at 5-7C they mate, and at 9-11C they lay eggs. The female’s lifespan is 30-40 days, males die immediately after mating. During her life, a female pear leafhopper has 300-800 eggs at intervals of 5-7 days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first stage of development is the egg. The egg of the Pear psylla develops over a period of 6-20 days, depending on the air temperature. To put it simply, the warmer, the faster. The egg has an elliptical shape, a length of about 0.3 mm and a white colour, which is transformed into yellow during development. The next stage is the nymph, which goes through several moults before turning into an adult. The nymph of the Pear psylla in the process of growth acquires a darker colour, from yellow to brown. By the third moult, the formation of wings begins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The last stage is imago. The full cycle of transformation from egg to imago is 20-60 days, depending on climatic conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Damage caused<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Having an oral apparatus of the piercing-sucking type, it pierces the tissues of the plant and eats its juices. This leads to a violation of photosynthesis and transpiration. They live in a colonial system, which increases the volume of plant damage and leads to a decrease in yield. In the process of vital activity, honeydew is isolated, which is the optimal environment for the development of fungal diseases, including sooty black. Sticky secretions attract ants, which in turn are carriers of aphids, which increases the volume of the problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Detection methods<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Pear psylla provokes inhibition of leaf development. The flowers of the plant begin to brown and die. If the tree is already affected by the Psylla pyri<\/em>, the fruits will have a pronounced deformation. A sticky substance forms on the leaves. The leaves may turn black, the cause of which will be a fungus, but the root cause is a Psylla pyri<\/em>. The mass invasion of ants also serves as a signal of the presence of the Pear psylla or aphids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Methods of control<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

There are quite a lot of different insecticides designed to defeat the Pear psylla. But given the insect’s ability to actively move, it is worth considering how many trees need to be processed and how this will impact the quality and benefits of the crop.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nature has long made sure that there is a balance in all the processes taking place. It is called Biological Means of Protection in agronomy now.  At the moment, among the natural enemies of a Psylla pyri<\/em>, we can single out the predatory bug Anthocoris nemoralis<\/em>. It hunts from early spring to late autumn, which maximally corresponds to the life cycle of Pear psylla. Along the way, it feeds with pleasure on aphids and eggs of fruit mites. Also, useful are beetles of the ladybird family \u2014 Delphastus catalinae <\/em>and Cryptolaemus montrouezieri<\/em>, which simultaneously eat whiteflies and mealybug.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Psylla pyri, commonly known as the Pear psylla or Pear psyllid, is a true bug in the family Psyllidae of the Hemiptera order. Unlike a huge number of other insects pests that came from America, the Pear psylla originates from Europe and Asia. At the moment, this species is the worst enemy of gardeners in …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"single-enciklopedia.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1247","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-enciklopedia","category-vrediteli"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1247","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1247"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1247\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1247"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1247"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1247"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}