{"id":1274,"date":"2020-10-15T18:22:56","date_gmt":"2020-10-15T15:22:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/ru\/?p=1274"},"modified":"2022-08-11T15:11:55","modified_gmt":"2022-08-11T12:11:55","slug":"tuta-absolyuta-tomatnaya-miniruyushhaya-mol","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/tuta-absolyuta-tomatnaya-miniruyushhaya-mol\/","title":{"rendered":"Tuta absoluta &#8212; tomato leafminer"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>Tuta absoluta<\/em> is a species of <em>Lepidoptera<\/em> order, <em>moth<\/em> family, native to South America. The name \u201ctomato leafminer\u201d speaks for itself. The most favourite culture of individuals is tomato, but the nutritional base includes other representatives of Solanales &#8212; pepper, potatoes, aubergine. By its nature, it is an oligophage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Europe, this parasite appeared relatively recently, the first cases of damage to crops by tomato moth were recorded in 2006 on the Iberian Peninsula. The pest reached the expanses of the CIS by 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first case of the appearance of <em>Tuta absoluta<\/em> was recorded in Peru at the beginning of the 20th century. After 100 years, the spread of insects covered Europe, Asia, and Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Tuta absoluta<\/em> has another name\u2014the South American tomato moth, which is associated with its original habitat, and the birthplace of the beloved Solanales &#8212; tomatoes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is striking that tomatoes were brought to Europe only in the middle of the 16th century,  but the absolute got to its delicacy, across the ocean, only a few centuries later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How does the <em>Tuta absoluta<\/em> look like<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The body length of an adult <em>Tuta<\/em> is usually about 0.5-0.7 cm. It has a light brown colour and wings with a span of about 1 cm with dark spots on top. Males are distinguished by a darker colour.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Stages of development<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Egg is a white-yellow cylinder up to 0.4 mm long<\/li><li>The larva is a caterpillar of the tomato mining moth, yellow, acquires a green hue during development. By the time of pupation, it reaches almost 1 cm in length and has a characteristic dark stripe on the anterior part of the body.<\/li><li>Pupa has length up to 10 mm, brown colour at the final stage of pupation<\/li><li>Imago is an adult<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Life cycle<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>This oligophage eats about 35 plants of different families, but prefers Solanales, and especially tomatoes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The fecundity of the individual allows giving up to 14 generations per year under favourable climatic conditions. The activity of <em>Tuta absoluta<\/em> becomes apparent already at +10C. The population of males to females of adults is 1 to 1.5 and have a life expectancy of 10 days to a month. During her short life, one female is able to lay 200-300 eggs. Egg laying for tomato leafminer is an almost continuous process, in addition to the fact that they lay eggs throughout the day (most of them fall at night), it lasts from 5 to 20 days.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The caterpillar leaves the egg for 4-6 days and immediately penetrates into the plant, thereby \u201cmining\u201d it. Mainly the leaf plate is mined, less often the stem or fruit (preferring immature ones). Once inside, the caterpillar immediately begins to feed, affecting the mesophyll of the leaf, which disrupts photosynthesis and gas exchange of the plant along with transpiration and leads to disease and death. It is these holes made by an insect inside the plant that are called \u201cmines\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The caterpillar is able to pupate almost everywhere \u2013 on the plant, inside it, or in the soil. Individuals can overwinter at any stage of development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How to detect the <em>Tuta absoluta<\/em>?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The difficulty of detection lies in the fact that the tomato leafminer spends most of its life in the ground or inside the plant. Imagos are active mainly at night, and during the day they hide in the leaves of plants. If it was not possible to detect an adult, it is necessary to pay attention to the fruits and leaves and check them for the presence of \u201cmines\u201d. Unlike the leaf-miner fly, the tunnel of <em>Tuta<\/em> is wider and has an angular shape.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How to fight with <em>Tuta absoluta<\/em>?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The fight against tomato leafminer requires a comprehensive approach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" type=\"1\"><li>It is necessary to regularly inspect the plants and destroy the affected leaves and fruits.<\/li><li>Control the plant growing nearby and nearby greenhouses<\/li><li>Control containers and materials that can become a potential habitat<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Chemical agents<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>There are quite a lot of insecticides to combat the tomato moth, but the complexity of this treatment method lies in the resistance of the <em>Tuta absoluta<\/em>. The moth quickly develops resistance to drugs, which requires constant analysis and alternation of chemical means of protection. Insecticides are still effective in Europe at the moment, but tomato leafminers in South America have developed immunity against most of them, which our regions will eventually expect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Biological means of protection<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>One of the methods of biological containment of the spread is pheromone traps. Yellow and black sticky traps, as well as deltoid and water pheromone traps, are well suited for this purpose. The synthesized hormone attracts males, which leads to a decrease in the population. This type of protection is effective in closed ground.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The use of entomophages<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>The natural antagonists of <em>Tuta<\/em> <em>absoluta<\/em> are predatory bugs and parasitic wasps.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Among predatory bugs, it is necessary to distinguish <em>Nesidiocoris tenuis<\/em> and <em>Macrolophus pygmaeus<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Among the parasitic wasps, which are also called parasitoid wasps, the <em>Habrobracon hebetor<\/em> and <em>Trichogramma<\/em> should be noted.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tuta absoluta is a species of Lepidoptera order, moth family, native to South America. The name \u201ctomato leafminer\u201d speaks for itself. The most favourite culture of individuals is tomato, but the nutritional base includes other representatives of Solanales &#8212; pepper, potatoes, aubergine. By its nature, it is an oligophage. In Europe, this parasite appeared relatively <a href=\"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/tuta-absolyuta-tomatnaya-miniruyushhaya-mol\/\" class=\"more-link\">&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"single-enciklopedia.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vrediteli"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1274","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1274"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1274\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1274"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1274"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}