Cabbage aphid belongs to the genus Brevicoryne<\/em>. Its name comes from the Latin words \u201cbrevi\u201d<\/em> and \u201ccoryne\u201d<\/em>, which means small pipes (tubes). Aphids have two small tubes at the rear end, called horns or siphuncles (appendages similar to exhaust pipes), which can be seen if viewed through a hand lens. The siphuncles of the cabbage aphid are relatively shorter than those of other aphids, except the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi<\/em>. These short horns and the waxy coating on the cabbage aphid help distinguish it from other aphid species that can attack the same plant. Cabbage aphid causes significant crop losses of many cabbage family crops (Brassicaceae<\/em>), including mustard and crucifers. It is important to have a complete understanding of this pest and related control measures to prevent its spread and related damage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cabbage aphid is of European origin, but at the moment it is widespread all over the world. Serious damage to various plants of the cabbage family has been reported in many regions, including Canada, the Netherlands, South Africa, India, China, and the USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cabbage aphids are quite difficult to distinguish from turnip aphids (Lipaphis<\/em> erysimi<\/em>). When identifying, attention should be paid to the size and surface of the body. Cabbage aphid has a length of 2.0 to 2.5 mm and is covered with a greyish waxy coating, and turnip aphid has a length of 1.6 to 2.2 mm and does not have such a coating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cabbage aphid and green peach aphid (Myzus<\/em> persicae<\/em>) can also be confused, because they both feed on cabbage plants. However, they have distinctive morphological characteristics. Cabbage aphids have short horns and a waxy coating. The green peach aphid has longer horns and has no wax coating. Moreover, the green peach aphid mainly attacks the cabbage before the ovary phase of the head, and the cabbage aphid can attack the crop at any stage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The range of cabbage aphid host plants is limited to plants of the cabbage family (Brassicaceae = Cruciferae<\/em>), which include both cultivated and wild cruciferous crops.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The main economically important host crops where significant losses were found are cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, white cabbage, rapeseed. The species also affects radishes and mustard. Cabbage aphids are a particularly serious problem when growing broccoli and white cabbage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Aphids can reproduce in two ways. In warm climates, females give birth to nymphs without mating. In this case, the aphid colony consists only of females. It also occurs during warmer periods in temperate climates. However, in temperate climates, the method of reproduction changes in autumn, when the temperature begins to drop. In response to a low temperature or a decrease in the photoperiod, males begin to appear in the colony. Mating takes place, and the females lay eggs. The egg stage of aphids is also a wintering stage. Generations overlap, and the pest forms about 15 generations during the harvest season. The total life cycle is from 16 to 50 days, depending on the temperature.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Eggs:<\/strong> In temperate climates, eggs overwinter in plant residues on the soil surface. In warm climates, females do not lay eggs, but produce nymphs directly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Nymphs:<\/strong> In cases if there is no need to lay eggs, the female gives birth to nymphs. Nymphs differ from adults (including wingless adults) by less developed tails and tubules. The duration of the nymphal period varies from seven to ten days. Winged forms develop and begin to migrate to new host plants only when the quality of the plants deteriorates or when the plant becomes overpopulated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Adults:<\/strong> Aphids have a soft, oval or pear-shaped body, with a posterior pair of tubes called horns or siphuncles protruding backwards. Aphids have a piercing-sucking oral apparatus. Adult cabbage aphids are of two types: winged and wingless. Wingless adults are oval, 2.5 mm long, and appear greyish-green or greyish-white due to the waxy cover. There are eight dark brown or black spots on the pest’s body, under the wax coating. These spots increase in size towards the posterior end. Winged females are smaller and lack a waxy coat. The wings of individuals are short, with protruding veins. The head and thorax are dark brown to black, with dark brown antennae. The winged aphids have a yellow abdomen with two dark spots on the anterior dorsal segments. These two spots merge into a dark stripe on the last segment of the abdomen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Aphids feed by sucking the sap from their host plants. They produce sweet waste called paddy, which the ants feed on. In turn, ants provide aphids with protection from natural enemies. Prolonged feeding of aphids causes yellowing, wilting and stunting of plant growth. Heavily infected plants are covered with a mass of small sticky aphids (due to the discharge of paddy), which can eventually lead to leaf rot and death. Cabbage aphids mainly feed on the underside of the leaves and the centre of the head. They prefer to eat young leaves and flowers and often penetrate deep into the heads of Brussels sprouts and white cabbage. Aphid colonies are found on the upper and lower surface of the leaves, in the folds of the leaves, along the petiole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cabbage aphids cause serious concern in agriculture, because they are carriers of at least 20 viral pathogens that cause diseases in cruciferous and citrus fruits. Both wingless and winged forms are capable of transmitting viruses, but wingless aphids demonstrate a higher transmission rate. The method of transmission of the pathogen by cabbage aphids is as follows: aphids capture the virus by feeding on infected plants, and transmit the pathogen to healthy plants by probing them with a mouthpiece or feeding. Aphids cause large losses of broccoli due to a decrease in yield, while significant damage is caused by infection of the heads.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Cultural control:<\/strong> The field should be ploughed immediately after harvest to prevent the spread of aphids to other crops. It is important to rid the field and surrounding areas of any alternative host plants, such as mustard or other cruciferous weeds. Destroying plant residues at the end of the season can help kill overwintering aphid eggs in temperate climates. It may also be useful to plant nectarines to attract beneficial insects. Crop rotation with crops that are not hosts of the pest is also useful. Choosing a variety can also reduce the aphid population and reduce damage. For example, the variety of cauliflower Smilla may be a good choice, because it affects the reproductive parameters of adults. Avoid transplanting into the ground where there has recently been a crop infected with aphids. The distance between plants is not considered an effective method of combating cabbage aphids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Biological control:<\/strong> parasites and predators are essential for the regulation of aphid populations. Parasitic wasps from the Braconidae<\/em> family, lay eggs in aphids and mummify. Protecting the habitat, which will promote population growth and the survival of natural enemies, can help reduce the need for pesticides. The larvae of the syrphid fly, adult individuals and larvae of ladybirds, as well as larvae of lacewings are natural predators of aphids.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Chemical control:<\/strong> Many insecticides are effective against aphids. It is necessary to ensure that sprayers thoroughly moisturize plants due to the waxy nature of pests. To achieve maximum control with minimal effort, the correct proportions of surfactants in combination with well-adjusted spraying equipment are important. Aphids are combated with insecticidal soap. The application time is very significant for controlling aphids while preserving populations of natural enemies. In a study of the resistance of cabbage aphids to insecticides conducted in Pakistan, it is reported that aphids have developed resistance to chemicals, including methomyl, emamectin benzoate, pyrethroids (cypermethrin, \u039b-cyhalothrin, bifenthrin and deltamethrin) and neonicotinoids (imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiamethoxam). It also was found that their resistance level progressively increases with regular consumption of vegetables.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Introduction Cabbage aphid belongs to the genus Brevicoryne. Its name comes from the Latin words \u201cbrevi\u201d and \u201ccoryne\u201d, which means small pipes (tubes). Aphids have two small tubes at the rear end, called horns or siphuncles (appendages similar to exhaust pipes), which can be seen if viewed through a hand lens. The siphuncles of the …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":74,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"single-enciklopedia.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-vrediteli"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1435","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/74"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1435"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1435\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1435"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1435"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/b-ento.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1435"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}Distribution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Identification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Host plants<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Life cycle<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Damage<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Pest control<\/h3>\n\n\n\n